Chapter 5 of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) provides great detail on efficiency, environmental impacts, and types of BECCS processes. 

The Cambridge author describes two IPCC scenarios where 1) P2 scenario, which is "middle-of-the-road", where CO2 removal can reach 149 Gt and 2) P4 scenario, "fossil intensive", where 1189 Gt is abated. 

Although the first use of BECCS dates back to the 70s, it was not seriously considered until the 90s. The author gives an example of two crops that are harvested--willow and miscanthus. Willow has a harvest rotation of 3 years, and miscanthus is every year. 

The moisture content of the wood is important. This is especially true when we use waste biomass, like a fallen tree, that can have very high wt% of water. For combustion, the finely ground biomass must have a wt% H2O of 10-15%. Lower quality biomass can be used for gasification, pyrolysis or fermentation. 

The most common BECCS pathways are power, biodiesel, bioethanol, hydrogen, and industrial applications. When considering CCS technology, Bui et. al 2018[2] is a great resource. 

The capture rate of CO2 can be 90-95% when biomass is used for electricity or hydrogen, and approximately 15% when biomass is used for bioethanol production. 

According to Smith and Torn, 2.11 ton CO2 should be captured in the biomass to reach 1 ton of net CO2 removal. This is ~ 47% efficiency. With that said, Fajardy et al. found that carbon efficiency can fall between 2% to 70% depending on the BECCS value change. The energy efficiency, per unit biomass, can be approximately 30% for electricity with CCS, 40% for fuel, and 50% for hydrogen production. 

We must consider the potential environmental impact of BECCS. For example, water footprint is quite large for plantation biomass production. 

Conversion of Biomass to jet fuel, which is recommended by MIT Alumni for Climate Action (MACA) Alternative Green Fuels position paper and based on Princeton analysis, is ~42-43% efficiency for process energy with a capture efficiency of 51-56%. 

When considering environmental impacts, BECCS hydrogen potential falls from 20-23 Gt CO2 per year to 0.2 Gt CO2 per year because of water use, biodiversity loss, nitrogen, and land use changes. 

There is ~ 11,700 Gt of CO2 storage with a 75-100% confidence, and 14,000 Gt CO2 storage with a 56% confidence or greater. 

References: 

[1] Greenhouse Gas Removal Technologies. (2022). United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry.

[2] M. Bui, C. S. Adjiman, A. Bardow, E. J. Anthony, A. Boston, S. Brown, P. S. Fennell, S. Fuss, A. Galindo, L. A. Hackett, J. P. Hallett, H. J. Herzog, G. Jackson, J. Kemper, S. Krevor, G. C. Maitland, M. Matuszewski, I. S. Metcalfe, C. Petit, G. Puxty, J. Reimer, D. M. Reiner, E. S. Rubin, S. A. Scott, N. Shah, B. Smit, J. P. M. Trusler, P. Webley, J. Wilcox and N. Mac Dowell, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 1062–1176.